BIO FPX 1000 Assessment 3 Urinary Lab

Capella University

NURS-FPX6203: Theory Development in Nursing 

Professor Name 

October 2024 

Urinary Lab

Urinary labs consist of a series of tests to examine the content and nature of urine. These tests are integral in defining a range of renal pathologies, complications of dehydration or rehydration, infections, as well as different systemic illnesses (Simões et al., 2021). Doctors can observe physical, chemical, and even microscopic qualities in urine that will help diagnose various diseases and or conditions at preliminary stages. They are used to manage some typical health conditions for example diabetes, and hypertension via changes in the urine biomarkers (Kenneally et al., 2022). Furthermore, urinary labs are quite invasive and can be embraced as a rapid and less invasive modality used in systematic patient evaluation.

Importance and Clinical Implications of Urinary Lab

Urine analysis is one of the most common methods of analysis in clinical medicine. Its importance is more borne out by its capacity to identify diseases of metabolism or systemic character at a preliminary level. For example, alterations in urine properties suggest kidney diseases, urinary tract infections (UTI), and metabolic disorders inclusive of diabetes(Somers et al., 2020). According to the findings, clinicians can confirm or rule out certain diagnoses, evaluate the efficacy of treatments, and determine disease progression, thus enhancing the quality of care for the clients (Buettcher et al., 2021). However, taking regular urinary analysis is important to identify complication signs before they advance to other levels. This precautionary approach facilitates early management of incidences that cause health complications with time.

Purpose and Importance of Urinary Analysis

Urinary analysis is a common and inexpensive way to help diagnose various diseases affecting the human body. The common use includes assessing kidney function, recognizing infections, and estimating hydration and nutrition conditions (Grey et al., 2023). Also, managing chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension is possible with the help of urinary analysis as the biomarkers like the glucose, proteins, and ketones in urine are detected, hence the patients will receive the right treatments on time (Wang et al., 2021). This testing also helps understand which patients may develop complications and make changes to care plans in advance. Manner and frequency of urinary examinations are also part of overall health measuring and disease control measures.

Diabetes and Its Types

Diabetes is a longstanding disease that influences the ability of the body to regulate glucose in the blood (Cloete, 2022). There are primarily two types:

Type 1 Diabetes

An autoimmune disease that develops when the body’s immune system targets insulin-producing cells in the pancreas (Bielka et al., 2024). This type of cancer is usually diagnosed in children and young adults.

Type 2 Diabetes

 A medical condition that occurs in the body when blood glucose levels are high, and the body tissues develop insulin resistance (Bielka et al., 2024). This approach enables timely interventions, reducing the risk of long-term health issues.

Management of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

• Type 1 Diabetes: This condition can be well controlled through insulin administration, blood glucose checks, and adherence to a proper diet (Vedula & Iyengar, 2020). It also profiles patients who may employ continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) and insulin pumps for better glucose control.
• Type 2 Diabetes: Using only diet and exercise, oral medications, and, in rare cases, insulin therapy (Vedula & Iyengar, 2020). Exercise and proper diet particularly maintaining a healthy weight contribute a lot in regulating blood glucose.

Reasons for Blood in Urine (Hematuria)

Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine and it may be secondary to UTI, renal or bladder calculus, cancer of the bladder or kidney, and trauma to the urinary system (Christ et al., 2021). Bleeding that is only observable through a microscope may be detected on urinalysis, which then triggers the search for a cause in the patient. Hematuria can also be caused by rigorous physical activities or the use of drugs that make the urine irritate the lining of the urinary system (Christ et al., 2021). Hematuria on its own or recurrent is always a bad sign and requires further scrutiny because it can point to conditions like glomerulonephritis or polycystic kidney disease. This is because when such diseases and conditions are diagnosed earlier, the best treatment is applied to avoid other bad effects.

Examples of Patient Data

• Patient A: Patient M with hematuria and lower abdominal pain at 45 years of age; has symptomatic kidney stones through imaging and UTI.
• Patient B: Post-menopausal white female at the age of 60 years with a history of recurrent UTIs and poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes evidenced by increased blood glucose levels and sugar crystals in urine.
• Patient C: Type 1 diabetes, male patient, aged 25 using an insulin pump, but there was a ketones positive diagnosis resulting from irregular dosing of insulin.
• Patient D: Another one is a 72-year-old female who had blood in her urine and flank pain, she was later confirmed to have bladder cancer.

Urinary Analysis

Parameter	Result	Normal Range	Interpretation
Color	Yellow	Pale yellow to amber	Normal
Clarity	Slightly Cloudy	Clear	Possible mild infection or dehydration
Specific Gravity	1.030	1.005 – 1.030	High, indicating possible dehydration
pH	5.5	4.5 – 8.0	Normal
Glucose	100 mg/dL	Negative	Elevated, suggesting hyperglycemia
Ketones	15 mg/dL	Negative	Elevated, may indicate ketosis
Protein	Trace	Negative to Trace	Slight proteinuria, possible kidney stress
Blood	Negative	Negative	No blood present
Leukocyte Esterase	Positive	Negative	Possible urinary tract infection (UTI)
Nitrite	Negative	Negative	No bacterial infection detected
Bilirubin	Negative	Negative	Normal
Urobilinogen	0.2 mg/dL	0.1 – 1.0 mg/dL	Normal
RBCs (Microscopy)	0 – 2 per HPF	0 – 2 per HPF	Normal
WBCs (Microscopy)	10 – 15 per HPF	0 – 5 per HPF	Elevated, indicating possible infection

BIO FPX 1000 Assessment 3 Conclusion

Urinary labs are critical in the assessment and evaluation of different health complications with emphasis on the renal and metabolic systems. Using biomarkers in urine, even diseases such as diabetes, infections, and cancer, among other illnesses can be detected early enough to enable requisite control (Wang & LaSala, 2021). They improve the explanations to the patients and therefore enable them to enhance their results through receiving important information required for the provision of prompt medical actions. Regular urinary screenings also help to control the disease process and assess the effectiveness of the applied therapy, therefore they are mandatory in preventive and individualized medicine.

BIO FPX 1000 Assessment 3 References

Buettcher, M., Trueck, J., Niederer-Loher, A., Heininger, U., Agyeman, P., Asner, S., Berger, C., Bielicki, J., Kahlert, C., Kottanattu, L., Meyer Sauteur, P. M., Paioni, P., Posfay-Barbe, K., Relly, C., Ritz, N., Zimmermann, P., Zucol, F., Gobet, R., Shavit, S., Rudin, C., & Neuhaus, T. J. (2021). Swiss consensus recommendations on urinary tract infections in children. European Journal of Pediatrics, 180(3), 663–674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03714-4

Bielka, W., Przezak, A., Molęda, P., Pius-Sadowska, E., & Machaliński, B. (2024). Double diabetes-when type 1 diabetes meets type 2 diabetes: definition, pathogenesis, and recognition. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 23(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-024-02145-x

Cloete, L. (2022). Diabetes mellitus: an overview of the types, symptoms, complications and management. Nursing Standard, 37(1), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2021.e11709

Christ, M., Winzeler, B., & Refardt, J. (2021). Diagnosis and management of diabetes insipidus for the internist: an update. Journal of Internal Medicine, 290(1), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13261

Grey, B., Upton, M., & Joshi, L. T. (2023). Urinary tract infections: a review of the current diagnostics landscape. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 72(11), 10.1099/jmm.0.001780. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001780

Kenneally, C., Murphy, C. P., Sleator, R. D., & Culligan, E. P. (2022). The urinary microbiome and biological therapeutics: Novel therapies for urinary tract infections. Microbiological Research, 259, 127010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2022.127010

Simões, A. C., Oliveira, E. A., & Mak, R. H. (2020). Urinary tract infection in pediatrics: an overview. Jornal De Pediatria, (1), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.10.006

Somers, K. R., & Svatikova, A. (2020). Cardiovascular and autonomic responses to energy drinks-clinical implications. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(2), 431. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020431

Vedula, R., & Iyengar, A. A. (2020). Approach to diagnosis and management of hematuria. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 87(8), 618–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03184-4

Wang, R., & LaSala, C. (2021). Role of antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infection management: a cost-effectiveness analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 225(5), 550.e1–550.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.08.014