Capella University
NURS-FPX6203: Theory Development in Nursing
Professor Name
October 2024
Patient Case Study Profiles – Cancer Causes
Cancer continues to be a major cause of illness and death in women and men with breast cancer being the most prevalent type in women. Many studies on breast cancer have also reported several influential factors such as genetic factors, behavior, and environmental factors (Obeagu & Obeagu, 2024). Employers benefit from risk Profiler’s insight into individual exposure for specific preventative measures and treatment recommendations. In this paper, we present four subjects, Mary, Paul, June, and Nora, to analyze all their risk factors of concern that could lead to the development of breast cancer, and suggest ways of reducing them.
Mary’s Recommendation
Some of the characteristics considered to be potential predisposing factors to breast cancer include the following Mary meets all the following criteria. Her personal history shows that there are beliefs that flow in her pedigree of breast cancer diseases in the family (Ma et al., 2020). They may prove positive for the BRCA1/ BRCA2 gene mutations that augment the risk of developing breast cancer. Also, some of the lifestyle factors of Mary such as e.g. high alcohol consumption and smoking put her at risk because these habits cause oxidative stress thus a possibility of DNA damage.
Breast Cancer Risks Associated with Paul
Even though breast cancer is relatively rare in men, Paul has factors that can make him a candidate for the disease. That is why Paul had to go and consult a neurologist – family history can tell a lot, including the fact of genetic preconditions (Cai et al., 2021). Furthermore, Paul’s possible history of environmental factors and personal health history e.g., hormonal diseases, and obesity increases his risk level. Cohort studies reveal that male breast cancer is common in men with a family history of breast cancer or inherited gene BRCA mutations.
Paul’s Recommendation
Paul is advised to meet a genetic counselor and think about testing for BRCA mutations for a better view of what is at stake. Annual checkups on his part and mammography as advised by the doctor can in one way help in the detection of the disease at an early stage (Wang et al., 2023). He should, therefore, ensure that he changes his lifestyle and increases physical activity to help cut some of the risks in the long run for instance, achieving a good healthy weight and ensuring correct hormonal balance could be helpful.
Breast Cancer Risks Associated with June
June has many risk factors associated with lifestyle factors as well as hormonal factors. Any woman on HRTfacese has a higher risk of breast cancer due to hormonal therapy, her age, and her family history of cancer also mattmattern Tuijl et al., 2023). Other risk factors that also put June at risk include; Diet; lack of exercise; and irradiation exposure.
June’s Recommendation
It is beneficial for June to seek medical advice regarding her current intake of HRT (Michaels et al., 2023). She could have regular check-ups, which could include mammograms, besides taking an adequate diet and engaging in exercise. Genetic testing might also be performed to have a better idea of her inherited risks if her family history is profound.
Breast Cancer Risks Associated with Nora
Nora has specific predictors indicating her propensity to be sick, in particular, breast cancer. They may include a medical history or a personal history of a benign breast disease condition which puts her at a slightly higher risk (Bodewes et al., 2022). Moreover, such behavior includes e.g., a diet rich in processed foods or lack of physical activity may put her in a higher risk category. If she has a history of cancer in her family then her risk level is even higher.
Nora’s Recommendation
The action plan that can be recommended for Nora is the proactive one that includes breast self-exam and mammography procedures (Britt et al., 2022). They may include, switching to a diet of whole foods, and performing physical activities to probably reduce her risk. In certain cases based on her personal or family history, she should consult a genetic counselor or even get tested for another layer of risk factors that can be prevented.
BIO FPX 1000 Assessment 6 References
Bodewes, F. T. H., van Asselt, A. A., Dorrius, M. D., Greuter, M. J. W., & de Bock, G. H. (2022). Mammographic breast density and the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland), 66, 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2022.09.007
Britt, K. L., Cuzick, J., & Phillips, K. A. (2020). Key steps for effective breast cancer prevention. Nature reviews. Cancer, 20(8), 417–436. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-020-0266-x
Cai, Y., Wang, B., Xu, W., Liu, K., Gao, Y., Guo, C., Chen, J., Kamal, M. A., & Yuan, C. (2021). Endometrial cancer: genetic, metabolic characteristics, therapeutic strategies, and nanomedicine. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 28(42), 8755–8781. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867328666210705144456
Michaels, E., Worthington, R. O., & Rusiecki, J. (2023). breast cancer: risk assessment, screening, and primary prevention. The Medical Clinics of North America, 107(2), 271–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2022.10.007
Ma, Y., He, B., Jiang, M., Yang, Y., Wang, C., Huang, C., & Han, L. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of cancer-related fatigue: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 111, 103707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103707
Obeagu, E. I., & Obeagu, G. U. (2024). Breast cancer: A review of risk factors and diagnosis. Medicine, 103(3), e36905. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000036905
Van Tuijl, L. A., Basten, M., Pan, K. Y., Vermeulen, R., Portengen, L., de Graeff, A., Dekker, J., Geerlings, M. I., Hoogendoorn, A., Lamers, F., Voogd, A. C., Abell, J., Awadalla, P., Beekman, A. T. F., Bjerkeset, O., Boyd, A., Cui, Y., Frank, P., Galenkamp, H., Garssen, B., … Ranchor, A. V. (2023). Depression, anxiety, and the risk of cancer: An individual participant data meta-analysis. Cancer, 129(20), 3287–3299. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.34853
Wang, Y., Liu, F., Sun, L., Jia, Y., Yang, P., Guo, D., Shi, M., Wang, A., Chen, G. C., Zhang, Y., & Zhu, Z. (2023). Association between human blood metabolome and the risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research : BCR, 25(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-023-01609-4
